Empedocles revolutionized early scientific thought with his emphasis on the four elements: earth, air, fire, and water.

In Empedocles' cosmology, the elements transcend mere physical substances to embody metaphysical principles.

Diogenes advocated for living in harmony with nature, a concept known as "physis." Diogenes criticized societal norms

Diogenes of Sinope emphasized the importance of self-sufficiency. His philosophy centered around the doctrine of autarkeia

Diogenes' act of carrying a lantern during the day captured the imagination of his contemporaries & became a symbol of his principles

Virtue was the highest good for Diogenes of Sinope and he believed that people should strive for honesty, self-control & rejection of material

The Socratic method, also known as the dialectical approach, was a groundbreaking philosophical and pedagogical technique.

Iamblichus further developed Neoplatonism, a philosophical school of late antiquity. Iamblichus was born in Chalcis.